- Title: Cave Biology
- Author: ALDEMARO ROMERO Arkansas State University
- Page: 319
- © A. Romero 2009
- CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore,
São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo - ISBN-13 978-0-511-59644-5, ISBN-13 978-0-521-82846-8, ISBN-13 978-0-521-53553-3
Contents:
Preface page xi
Acknowledgments xiii
1 A brief history of cave biology 1
1.1 Conceptual issues 1
1.2 Pre-Darwinian thought (before 1859) 3
1.3 Darwinism and American neo-Lamarckism
(1859–1919) 21
1.4 European selectionism and the death of the
controversies (1880–1921) 37
1.5 Biospeleological ideas in France and elsewhere in
continental Europe (1809–1950) 41
1.6 The impact of the modern synthesis (1936–47) 52
1.7 The roots of current intellectual inertia 60
2 Cave biodiversity 62
2.1 Bacteria (Archaeobacteria and Eubacteria) 62
2.2 Algae (including Cyanobacteria) 67
2.3 Fungi 69
2.4 Lichens 73
2.5 Plants (liverworts, mosses, ferns, and seed plants) 73
2.6 Protozoans 76
2.7 Porifera (sponges) 76
2.8 Cnidarians (anemones, jellyfish) 80
2.9 Platyhelminthes (flatworms) 81
2.10 Nemertina (ribbon worms) 83
2.11 Gastrotricha (gastrotrichs) 83
2.12 Kinorhyncha (kinorhynchs) 84
2.13 Nematoda (roundworms) 84
2.14 Annelida (segmented worms) 85
2.15 Mollusca (mollusks) 86
Acknowledgments xiii
1 A brief history of cave biology 1
1.1 Conceptual issues 1
1.2 Pre-Darwinian thought (before 1859) 3
1.3 Darwinism and American neo-Lamarckism
(1859–1919) 21
1.4 European selectionism and the death of the
controversies (1880–1921) 37
1.5 Biospeleological ideas in France and elsewhere in
continental Europe (1809–1950) 41
1.6 The impact of the modern synthesis (1936–47) 52
1.7 The roots of current intellectual inertia 60
2 Cave biodiversity 62
2.1 Bacteria (Archaeobacteria and Eubacteria) 62
2.2 Algae (including Cyanobacteria) 67
2.3 Fungi 69
2.4 Lichens 73
2.5 Plants (liverworts, mosses, ferns, and seed plants) 73
2.6 Protozoans 76
2.7 Porifera (sponges) 76
2.8 Cnidarians (anemones, jellyfish) 80
2.9 Platyhelminthes (flatworms) 81
2.10 Nemertina (ribbon worms) 83
2.11 Gastrotricha (gastrotrichs) 83
2.12 Kinorhyncha (kinorhynchs) 84
2.13 Nematoda (roundworms) 84
2.14 Annelida (segmented worms) 85
2.15 Mollusca (mollusks) 86
2.16 Brachiopoda (lamp shells) 89
2.17 Bryozoa (moss animals) 89
2.18 Crustacea (crustaceans) 90
2.19 Chelicerata (arachnids and their relatives) 96
2.20 Onychophora (velvet worms) 104
2.21 Tardigrada (water bears) 104
2.22 Myriapoda (millipedes and centipedes) 105
2.23 Insecta (insects) 109
2.24 Pisces (fishes) 118
2.25 Amphibians (salamanders, frogs, toads) 120
2.26 Reptilia (reptiles) 122
2.27 Aves (birds) 123
2.28 Mammalia (mammals) 125
2.29 Conclusions 129
3 The evolutionary biology of cave organisms 130
3.1 What is a hypogean/cave organism? 130
3.2 Character concept in biospeleology 132
3.3 Hypogean colonization 139
3.4 The myth of preadaptation 145
3.5 A case for phenotypic plasticity 150
3.6 Conclusions 156
4 The ecology of cave organisms 159
4.1 Introduction 159
4.2 Diversity and distribution 159
4.3 Cave ecosystem structure 164
4.4 Spatial organization 166
4.5 Trophic structure 169
4.6 Is there succession in caves? 175
4.7 Interactions of cave habitats with the epigean
environment 177
4.8 Caves as record keepers of climate change 180
5 Cave conservation and management 182
5.1 Introduction 182
5.2 Effects on geomorphology 187
5.3 Effects on the atmosphere of caves 195
5.4 Hydrology 197
5.5 Effects on the biota 199
5.6 Cultural heritage 206
2.17 Bryozoa (moss animals) 89
2.18 Crustacea (crustaceans) 90
2.19 Chelicerata (arachnids and their relatives) 96
2.20 Onychophora (velvet worms) 104
2.21 Tardigrada (water bears) 104
2.22 Myriapoda (millipedes and centipedes) 105
2.23 Insecta (insects) 109
2.24 Pisces (fishes) 118
2.25 Amphibians (salamanders, frogs, toads) 120
2.26 Reptilia (reptiles) 122
2.27 Aves (birds) 123
2.28 Mammalia (mammals) 125
2.29 Conclusions 129
3 The evolutionary biology of cave organisms 130
3.1 What is a hypogean/cave organism? 130
3.2 Character concept in biospeleology 132
3.3 Hypogean colonization 139
3.4 The myth of preadaptation 145
3.5 A case for phenotypic plasticity 150
3.6 Conclusions 156
4 The ecology of cave organisms 159
4.1 Introduction 159
4.2 Diversity and distribution 159
4.3 Cave ecosystem structure 164
4.4 Spatial organization 166
4.5 Trophic structure 169
4.6 Is there succession in caves? 175
4.7 Interactions of cave habitats with the epigean
environment 177
4.8 Caves as record keepers of climate change 180
5 Cave conservation and management 182
5.1 Introduction 182
5.2 Effects on geomorphology 187
5.3 Effects on the atmosphere of caves 195
5.4 Hydrology 197
5.5 Effects on the biota 199
5.6 Cultural heritage 206
5.7 Climate change 206
5.8 Legal protection 207
5.9 Conclusions 208
6 Epilogue 209
6.1 The role played by behavior in the evolution of
cave organisms 209
6.2 Integrative molecular genetics 209
6.3 Trophic structure of caves 211
6.4 Other biological questions 211
6.5 Concluding questions for historians,
philosophers, and sociologists of science 214
Appendix 1 Glossary of terms frequently used in
biospeleology 216
References 227
Index 278
5.8 Legal protection 207
5.9 Conclusions 208
6 Epilogue 209
6.1 The role played by behavior in the evolution of
cave organisms 209
6.2 Integrative molecular genetics 209
6.3 Trophic structure of caves 211
6.4 Other biological questions 211
6.5 Concluding questions for historians,
philosophers, and sociologists of science 214
Appendix 1 Glossary of terms frequently used in
biospeleology 216
References 227
Index 278
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