- Title: Biology, Sociology, Geology by Computational Physicists
- Author: Albert C.J. Luo Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, USA
George Zaslavsky
New York University, New York, USA - Page: 287 OX5 1GB, UK
First edition 2006
Copyright © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
- ISBN-13: 978-0-444-52146-0
ISBN-10: 0-444-52146-1
Series ISSN: 1574-6917
Contents
Preface v
Chapter 1. Introduction 1
Chapter 2. Evolution 5
2.1. Linearity 6
2.2. Chaos 10
2.3. Nonlinearity 13
2.4. The edge of chaos 20
2.5. Complexity and criticality 24
2.6. Mean-field theories 32
2.7. Scaling 34
2.8. Biological evolution 40
2.9. A simple evolutionary model 49
2.10. Another simple model 58
2.11. Conclusions 69
Chapter 3. Biological Ageing 71
3.1. Facts and theories 71
3.1.1 Facts 71
3.1.2 Theories 74
3.2. Penna model: asexual 77
3.2.1 Basic model 77
3.2.2 Applications and modifications 80
3.2.3 Plasticity 82
3.3. Penna model: sexual 84
3.3.1 Basic model 84
3.3.2 Applications and modifications 86
3.3.3 Scaling 93
3.4. Other models 94
3.5. * Additional remarks 97
vii
viii Contents
3.5.1 Eve effect 97
3.5.2 Antagonistic pleiotropy 98
3.5.3 Grandmother effect 99
3.6. Conclusions 101
Chapter 4. Biological Speciation 103
4.1. Sympatric speciation 104
4.1.1 Minimal model: Speciation defined by a single bit 105
4.1.2 Speciation defined by a single phenotypic trait 107
4.1.3 Speciation in a food chain 112
4.1.4 Phase transition in the sympatric speciation process 118
4.1.5 Models with two phenotypic traits 126
4.1.6 Conclusions 127
4.2. Parapatric speciation 129
4.3. * Many-species models 134
4.3.1 The Bak–Sneppen model 135
4.3.2 Lineage branching 139
4.3.3 Ecosystems 145
Chapter 5. Languages 151
5.1. Empirical facts 151
5.2. Differential equations 152
5.3. Agent-based simulations 156
5.3.1 Two languages 157
5.3.2 Many languages: Homogeneous systems 159
5.3.3 Many languages: Mixing, nucleation, interface 165
5.4. * Wang–Minett model 170
5.5. * Additional remarks 171
5.6. Conclusions 177
Chapter 6. Social Sciences 179
6.1. Retirement demography 180
6.1.1 Mortality and birth rates 180
6.1.2 Extrapolation 182
6.1.3 Mortality deceleration? 184
6.1.4 Conclusions 186
6.2. Self-organisation of hierarchies 186
6.3. Opinion dynamics 190
6.3.1 Before 2000 190
Contents ix
6.3.2 Three recent models 192
6.3.3 * Additional remarks 198
6.3.4 Conclusions 211
6.4. * Traffic jams 212
6.5. * Networks 214
6.5.1 Small world 214
6.5.2 Scale free (BA) 215
6.5.3 Selected properties of BA networks 217
6.5.4 Modifications of BA networks 217
6.5.5 Neural networks 219
6.6. * Social percolation 222
6.7. * Legal physics 225
Chapter 7. Earthquakes 227
7.1. Computational models for earthquakes 228
7.2. Short-range interactions 229
7.3. Long-range interactions 231
7.4. The Rundle–Jackson–Brown model 232
7.5. Precursory dynamics 233
7.6. Conclusion 237
Chapter 8. Summary 239
Chapter 9. Appendix: Programs 241
9.1. Single-bit handling 241
9.2. Ageing in Penna model 242
9.3. Bak–Sneppen evolution 246
9.4. Language competition 247
9.5. Retirement demography 250
9.6. Car traffic 252
9.7. Scale-free networks 254
9.8. Neural Hopfield–Hebb networks 256
References 259
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